An indigenous technical device placed at the edge of the Kayalnilam for pumping water out from low-lying areas to the major canals or backwaters. It consists of a submerged brass vessel that sucks water out and is run by an electric motor kept inside the pump house. The sucked water flows out through a rectangular brass box.
Project: Kuttanad Kayalnilam Agrosystem, Kerala, India
Climate: Tropical monsoon
Year: 1880-1974 (a modified version is still in use)
Water type: Seasonal mixing of saline and freshwater
Landscape: Polder landscape in a deltaic basin
Altitude: -3 – +1.5 m.a.s.l
Soil condition: Sandy loam clay formed from riverine or lacustrine deposits
A traditional paddy farming system below sea level.
Naeema Ali 2020
The birth of the cultural landscape was marked by the onset of the land reclamation process, locally known as “Kayalkuthu”. When the region encountered acute food shortage in the late 1800s, the virgin landscapes were considered as a gift from the backwaters and were brought to agricultural glory.
Kuttanad cultural landscape.
Here, water management was quintessentially a unit of the cultural expression of the site specific challenges faced by people, be in terms of topography, climate or social hierarchy. The low-lying landscape was subjugated for the benefit of men and women and how they did this narrates the legend behind the existing agricultural landscape of Kuttanad. These radical ingenuities tell us stories of how humans and nature exchanged roles between being makers and takers of the landscape.
Clockwise. Farmer irrigating the field manually using a water wheel; female laborers harvesting paddy; man navigating through waterway in vallam, a canoe boat; lady washing utensils by the canal.
Circular Stories
The salt which came across as a curse sealing the fate of the farmers, however, was a blessing for the fishermen due to fish migration from the sea. Hence, the circle of life in Kuttanad was explicitly linked to this cycle of blessing and curse intermingling with the cycle of water and salt. Likewise, Kayalnilams also operated to optimize their performance within this spatio-temporal context specific to Kuttanad.
Fishing valley in Lio Piccolo, northern Venetian Lagoon.
A traditional extensive aquaculture system along the border of the Venetian Lagoon.
Amina Chouairi 2020
The fishing valleys aquaculture system is located in the Venetian Lagoon, Veneto region, Italy. Their first traces have been found since the first 11th century A.D.
Nowadays this extensive fish cultivation system is spread over 8500 ha. of the current lagoon, and its main elements are the fishing ponds, the embankments separating the valleys from the lagoon, the mansions, and the waterworks able to calibrate the amount of fresh water and salt water to introduce in the valleys.
Veneto region, its watershed and the fishing valleys located in the Venetian Lagoon (orange).
The fishing valley master, capovalle, the fishing valley workers and the guardian are the three fundamental figures for the fishing valley management in the Venetian Lagoon. The capovalle is the chief of the fishing valleys, regulating the water regime and employing of seasonal workers; the workers are in charge of different managing activities; the guardian monitors the valley daily.
Seasonal human interactions between workers and the fishing ponds of the valleys.
Circular Stories
Circularity between aquaculture, agriculture and agro-tourism in the fishing valleys nowadays. A synthetic scheme.
Since the first decades of the 20th century, the fishing valleys can be addressed as an extensive polyculture, where the main activity of fish farming has been juxtaposed by farm animals breeding (as horses, sheep, hens, goats, cows, etc.), vegetable gardens and orchards (cultivating horseradish, radicchio, asparagus, artichoke, etc.), reeds, mulch, fertilizer and hay production.
Despite its relatively low rates in terms of production, compared to other intensive aquacultures, this activity is associated with reasonably low management costs: fishing valleys in the Venetian Lagoon are mainly family farms employing seasonal workers during the busiest seasons (spring and autumn). Recently, many of the fishing valleys have implemented their accommodation activity, providing a slower and lighter touristic alternative to discover the outer lagoon territory, in counter-trend to the mass tourism suffocating the historical centre of Venice.
The action of turning up the earth when the fields are flooded with a plough that is made of locally available materials, like wood, in order to improve the workability of the soil. In the older days and even nowadays, some of the farmers employ cattle, like cows, to pull the plough manually.
Project Name: Kuttanad Kayalnilam Agrosystem, Kerala, India
Climate: Tropical monsoon
Year: 1880 – 1974 (a modified version still in use)
Water type: Seasonal mixing of saline and freshwater
Landscape type: Polder landscape in a deltaic basin
Meaning: Utilitarian landscape
Water Workers and Users: Farmers and fishermen
Soil: Sandy loam clay formed from riverine and lacustrine deposits
